Robert,
A few things:
First, if you already use Elements for editing with any depth, there is not a 'massive learning curve' for using Photoshop. Get a good book and you'll do fine:
http://aps8.com/taplb.html http://aps8.com/hppscs.html
You can get the latter used for like $3...which is ridiculous considering the quality of the materials. That book has a LOT of stuff in it that you just won't get elsewhere and which someone like yourself may appreciate.
As far as what you are doing with 'enlarging' scans...it doesn't sound right. If you are shooting large and medium format negs, you need to scan those at high resolution, not scan at a lower resolution and upsize digitally. The latter will interpolate rather than read the quality directly from the neg as a drum scan or other technology might.
16-bit editing will be helpful right up till the time you go to make the media (I am not sure from what you said if you make digital prints or print out to large format negs/slides). Devices will only use 8-bits, so too much concern there may be over-rated.
Other things to worry about
: calibration, color management, correction techniques, workflow, layers/non-destructive editing...I'm sure there are some things I am leaving out. FEEL FREE TO ASK QUESTIONS HERE!! I may only get here a few times a week, but I'm glad to answer when I do.
Richard