My first interpretation is based on an idea I got from Diane in
this thread where she applied Impressionist > Chalk > Detailed Opaque Strokes on top of Impressionist > Marker > Opaque Strokes.
The .zip attachment contains a Photoshop Action that partly automates the process. (You'll have to choose the Style settings in the Impressionst dialogs, since these do not record.) I added another layer rendered by Photoshop's Dry Brush filter from which additional detail can be restored if necessary.
After restoring detail using the layer masks, I merged the visible layers into a new one (Alt + Layer > Merge Visible), then applied a huge amount of Unsharp Mask (like 400, 1.5, 0) to give the edges some character.
Added Hue/Saturation and Levels adjustment layers and tweaked contrast and saturation.
On #2, this is merely an application of Impressionist > Chalk > Detailed Opaque Strokes onto a copy of the Background with a tiny bit of detail restored by airbrushing white onto a hide all layer mask applied to another copy of the Background and moved to the top of the layer stack. The final layer stack on this one was:
* BG copy + Hide All layer mask (for detail)
* BG copy + Impressionist > Chalk > Detailed Opaque Strokes
* Background (turned off)
Thank you, Diane, for the inspiration.
~Danny~